8. By the end of next year the construction of this plant will have been completed.
9. Our shop is producing some new chemical apparatus.
10. We were shown a new alloy which will be used in modern technology.
9. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним задания.
Metals in the Service of Man
Let us consider why metals play such a great role in man’s activities. Wood and stone are both older in use, yet to a considerable extent they have been replaced by metals. In spite of the great progress of chemistry and increasing output of plastic materials metals are still used for most of machines, structures and instruments. If there were no metals, no railway, airplane, car, electric motor, turbine or pipeline could operate.
The reason for the increased use of metals is to be found in their characteristic properties. The most important of these properties is their strength or ability to support weight without bending or breaking. Resistance to atmospheric destruction, plasticity and the ability to be formed into desired shapes are remarkable as well. Some metals have also special properties – two of which are the ability to conduct electric current and the ability to be magnetized.
Nowadays we know that over three quarters of existing elements are metals. We know approximately over 80 metals and several thousand alloys.
Most metals are usually found in nature as minerals or ores, where they exist in chemical combinations with other substances. Metallic ores contain metals combined with oxygen, sulphur or other metals.
Ores are usually mined and passed to the metallurgist for refining and purification. The ores are treated by fire or chemically by the process called smelting. Ores have to pass through this very complicated process before pure metals are obtained.
But pure metals are comparatively seldom used because they are rather expensive and their strength is generally insufficient for the purposes of to-day. The most important way in which the strength of metals can be increased is alloying. Alloys are the most important engineering materials. Alloys are obtained by adding various metals or non-metals to the main metallic element.
10. Выпишите из текста 10 интернациональных слов и переведите их.
11. Выпишите из текста 5 существительных, 5 прилагательных и 5 наречий образованных с помощью словообразовательных суффиксов.
12. Выпишите из текста 3 словосочетания модальный глагол или его эквивалент + инфинитив.
13. Подчеркните в тексте 5 сказуемых в страдательном залоге.
14. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, опираясь на текст.
1. What are the oldest structural materials?
2. In what forms do metals exist in nature?
3. Why are pure metals comparatively seldom used in industry?
4. What are the most important engineering materials?
5. How are alloys obtained?
15. Выполните перевод текста.
Variant 2
1. Переведите интернациональные слова на русский язык. Значение выделенного слова, уточните по словарю.
negative –
national –
natural –
aggressive –
calculation –
magazine -
localized –
separate –
service –
expert –
2. Проанализируйте слова с различными суффиксами и разделите их на четыре группы: существительные, прилагательные, глаголы, наречия. Выделите суффиксы и переведите
development, general, graphic, painting, hobbyist, probably, strengthen, skillfully, difference, competition, purify, helpless, fishing, increasingly, comparable, especially, computer, leakage, collector, organize, activity, different, ancient, unusually, activate, beautiful, illustration, thickness, efficiency
Nouns - существительные | Adjectives - прилагательные | Verb глаголы | Adverbs наречия |
3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многозначность выделенного слова.
1. I don’t know your telephone number.
2. Next year we are going to reduce the number of traffic accidents.
3. The scientist showed a number of experiments.
4. He can multiply numbers in his head.
5. I like adventure films.
6. The river is coated with a thin film of ice.
4. Определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные слова, принимая во внимание их место в предложении и формальные признаки. Предложения переведите.
1. All bridges are designed to withstand great loads ( ).
2. The researcher loads ( ) specimens of different metals to determine their strength.
3. A thin film of paint ( ) can protect an iron roof against corrosion.
4. We annually paint ( ) the roof of our country cottage to protect it against corrosion.
5. We name ( ) corrosion a natural disaster.
6. We know a new welding machine for welding pipelines to have been given the name ( ) “Sever”.
5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы с послелогами.
1. How did it come about?
2. I came across some old letters yesterday.
3. They are coming back on Sunday.
4. This book is difficult to come by.
5. The button has come off.
6. This newspaper comes out every day.
7. I'm sure this question will come up at the meeting.
6. Переведите сочетания слов, обращая внимание на перевод существительных в функции определения
1. railway bridge -
2. car speed calculation -
3. wheel invention -
4. research program result -
5. control system -
6. flight control equipment -
7. family obligations -
8. New York resident -
9. school information centre -
10. the radio communication theory -
7. Подчеркните в предложениях сказуемое, содержащее модальный глагол или его эквивалент и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The students were allowed to test this device.
2. The engineer should apply his theoretical knowledge to practice.
3. The scientist has to design products, machines, and production systems.
4. All the tools of new reactor can be produce at this plant.
5. Our scientific research laboratory is to complete a new program this year.
6. He may use these books for his report.
8. Подчеркните в предложениях глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Предложения переведите.
1. He wrote a test yesterday.
2. Many new houses are built in our city every year.
3. The designer has been working at this device for three months.
4. The works of this writer have been republished many times.
5. By the first of August, 1975, he will have been working at the research institute for fifteen years.
6. This discovery is much spoken about.
7. The use of this system protects the turbine and the workers from the radioactive radiations.
8. The lecture on chemistry was attended by many students.
9. The apparatus will be working when you come.
10. The Ostankino television tower had been completed by 1970.
9. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним задания.
Mechanical Properties of Metals
As is known metals play an important role in the life of the mankind. Knowledge of their principal mechanical properties is of vital importance for selection and the proper application of metallic materials. Engineers in all branches of industry must know the mechanical properties of metals used by them and what processes can change these properties in the desired directions. This knowledge can prevent failures of structures.
The mechanical properties of a material are those related to the ability of a material to withstand external mechanical forces such as pulling, pushing, twisting, bending and a sudden impact.
Strength is the property of resistance of a material to external loads or stresses without structural damage.
Stress is a force per unit area.
The tensile or ultimate strength is the limit of the strength of a material capable to withstand the maximum load of a structural member without breaking.
Elasticity is the property of a material due to which it tends to recover its original size and shape after deformation.
Ductility is the ability of a material to deform plastically in tension without breaking. Copper and aluminium are extremely ductile, generally speaking. Most low carbon steels are quite ductile. Some cast irons have almost no ductility. To put it in simple terms, they break before bend. So cast iron is brittle.
Malleability is the property of metals which permits plastic deformation in compression without breaking.
Hardness is usually defined as the ability of a metal to resist penetration by another material.
Impact strength is the ability of a material to withstand shock or large forces suddenly applied.
There are some other very important mechanical properties such as toughness, yield strength, wear resistance and others.
10. Выпишите из текста 10 интернациональных слов и переведите их.
11. Выпишите из текста 5 существительных, 5 прилагательных и 4 наречия образованных с помощью словообразовательных суффиксов.
12. Выпишите из текста 3 словосочетания модальный глагол или его эквивалент + инфинитив.
13. Подчеркните в тексте сказуемое в страдательном залоге.
14. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, опираясь на текст.
1. Why is the knowledge of the mechanical properties of vital importance?
2. What properties are related to the mechanical properties?
3. What is strength?
4. What is the difference between ductility and malleability?
5. What property is defined as the ability of a metal to resist penetration by another material?
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