Неличные формы глагола (стр. 2 )

Exercise 4. Подберите перевод для причастий в функции обстоятельства.

Exercise 5. Замените придаточное определительное предложение на Present Participle Active или Passive в функции определения.

Model: The taxi which was taking us to the airport broke down.

The taxi taking us to the airport broke down.

1. Do you know the man who is talking to our solicitor?

2. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress.

3. The client who is sitting in the corridor is waiting for you.

4. The policemen who are investigating the crime are looking for three men.

5. The problem which is being discussed now is very important.

6. A person who consults people on legal mattes is called a lawyer.

7. The results of the investigation which is being conducted by a group of

experienced lawyers are very reassuring.

8. The case which is being heard now is of exceptional public importance.

Exercise 6. Используйте Past Participle в функции определения вместо придаточного определительного предложения.

Model: She lives in a house which was built in the nineteenth century.

She lives in a house built in the nineteenth century.

1. The police never found the money that was stolen in the robbery.

2. Most of the goods that are made in this factory are exported.

3. The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to hospital.

4. What was the name of the man who was arrested by the police?

5. He brought the documents which were signed by the manager.

6. The policeman who was shot last Tuesday died of his wounds last night.

7. The defendant couldn’t answer the question which was asked by the judge.

8. A person who is consulted by a lawyer on legal matters is called a client.

Exercise 7. Используйте различные формы причастия в функции обстоятельства вместо обстоятельственных придаточных предложений.

Model A: Be careful when you are crossing the road.

Be careful (when) crossing the road.

1. When I was going to the Institute, I met a friend of mine.

2. While my friend was driving to work yesterday, he had an accident.

3. While I was parking the car, I hit the car behind.

4. Jim hurt his arm while he was playing tennis.

5. Bill fell asleep while he was listening to the lecture.

Model B: As he hadn’t received the answer to his letter, he sent a telegram.

Not having received the answer to his letter, he sent a telegram.

1. After I had done all the housework, I went out for a walk.

2. As he had given up smoking, he felt better.

3. Because he had failed the exam the first time, he decided to take it again.

4. After the court had tried this uneasy case, it passed a sentence.

5. As he had not been told the truth, he didn’t know how to act.

Model C: If you ask her, she will tell you a lot about her life abroad.

If asked, she will tell you a lot about her life abroad.

1. If this method is used, it will help us to study this phenomenon.

2. If you write your essay, it will be sent to the editor.

3. When Americans are summoned for jury duty, they look upon it as an

opportunity to serve their country.

4. When the crime suspect was shown the photographs, he confessed

everything.

5. If I am offered a well-paid job, I’ll take it.

Exercise 8. Определите форму и функцию причастия в каждом предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The party bringing the suit is called the plaintiff and the party being sued is called the defendant. 2. Having tried to phone her several times, he wrote her a letter. 3. When sitting as a court, the House of Lords is composed only of the ‘law lords’. 4. Having been questioned, he was released on bail in the interests of the investigation. 5. Being divided into 11 judicial circuits, the USA has a Federal Court of Appeal in each circuit. 6. While speaking at the meeting, he paid particular attention to the problem of terrorism. 7. Having been selected, the jury went to the courtroom. 8. Hearing appeals, the judge sits alone without a jury. 9. Having arrived at the crime scene among the first, the investigator was able to question all persons present at the scene. 10. The number of people entering the legal profession has been increasing. 11. Being suspected of an offence, he was detained. 12. The officer must show the warrant to the person being arrested. 13. Having defeated all his opponents, Caesar came to Rome and called himself emperor. 14. Ten people died while being transported to a hospital. 15. Criminal cases are tried by a judge sitting with a jury.

Exercise 9. Определите функцию Past Participle. Переведите предложения.

1. The imprisoned men were unhappy with their living conditions. 2. The evidence although admitted by the judge was not sufficient. 3. If released, he will continue to be on parole for a year. 4. A person appointed to hear and try cases in a court of law is a judge. 5. The excited passengers jumped into the lifeboats when notified that the ship was sinking. 6. Suits brought against doctors by the patients are particularly numerous. 7. If approved by both Houses, a bill is placed before the sovereign for the Royal Assent. 8. The man robbed in the shop has telephoned the police station. 9. When arrested, a person has a statutory right to be consulted by a solicitor. 10. Evidence obtained by illegal means is not admitted by the judge. 11. Although sentenced to life, he will become eligible for parole after serving 10 years. 12. The crime of burglary committed in this neighbourhood has not been investigated yet. 13. Once approved, the Supreme Court Justices hold office for life. 14. A person found guilty by the magistrates may appeal to the Crown Court. 15. The witness was answering the questions until interrupted.

Exercise 10. Раскройте скобки, выбрав подходящее по смыслу Present Participle или Past Participle. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Bill is a draft law (introducing / introduced) in either House.

2. The laws (existing / existed) in different countries protect individuals.

3. Our representative presented the (approving / approved) plan to public.

4. Our teacher’s (approving / approved) smile let us know that our speeches

were well done.

passionate friends tried to console the (crying / cried) victims of the

accident.

6. When James noticed the (burning / burnt) building he notified the fire

department.

7. We found it difficult to get through the (closing / closed) door without a key.

8. The police towed away the (parking / parked) cars because they were

locking the entrance.

9. The company sent me a brochure (containing / contained) all the

information I needed.

10. Crimes (trying / tried) in the Crown Court involve rather long

imprisonment.

11. Drug abuse is a problem (affecting / affected) people in all social groups.

1.2 НЕЗАВИСИМЫЙ ПРИЧАСТНЫЙ ОБОРОТ

(The Nominative Absolute Participle Construction)

В английском языке обстоятельственные причастные обороты бывают зависимые и независимые. Оборот, в котором причастие выражает действие, относящееся к подлежащему предложения, называется зависимым и соответствует русскому деепричастному обороту.

Being unconstitutional the proposal was rejected.

Будучи неконституционным, предложение было отвергнуто.

Оборот, в котором причастие имеет свое собственное подлежащее, выраженное существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в именительном падеже, называется независимым причастным оборотом, так как он не зависит от подлежащего всего предложения.

The proposal being unconstitutional, the committee rejected it.

Так как предложение было неконституционным, комитет

отклонил его.

Независимый причастный оборот распознается по следующим признакам:

1) начинается с подлежащего, за которым следует причастие;

2) сказуемое отсутствует, его место занимает причастие;

3) отделяется от основной части предложения запятой.

Способ перевода такого оборота зависит от того, стоит ли он перед или после главного предложения.

Время глагола, которым переводятся причастия, зависит от времени сказуемого. Перфектные причастия (Perfect Participles) всегда переводятся глаголом в прошедшем времени.

The verdict having been returned, the judge pronounced the sentence.

После того как вердикт был вынесен, судья произнес приговор.

Независимый причастный оборот может вводиться предлогом with, который на русский язык не переводится.

The jurors decide questions of fact, with the judge guiding them on questions

of law.

Присяжные решают вопросы факта, а судья направляет их в вопросах

права.

Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) в независимом причастном обороте встречается реже.

The talks are to continue, with the American proposals unchanged.

Переговоры должны быть продолжены, хотя американские

предложения и не изменились.

Exercise 1. Назовите номера предложений, в которых имеется независимый причастный оборот и уточните стоит ли он перед или после главного предложения. Затем переведите эти предложения.

1. When leaving the crime scene, the criminal left some traces. 2. The Constitution proclaiming the peaceful nature of the state, there is a special chapter in it formulating the principles of the foreign policy. 3. Not having learnt any Japanese, he couldn’t understand the message. 4. The Senate consists of 2 members from each state, chosen for 6 years, one third being re-elected every 2 years. 5. He just sat there, doing nothing. 6. Having grounds to suspect of an offence, the police must caution a person. 7. The offender being younger than 14, his case was considered by the juvenile court. 8. The witnesses are examined, their evidence being recorded by the clerk. 9. Having been apprehended, the hijackers were whisked off to FBI headquarters by the security guards. 10. The representation of the case having been completed, the judge declared the hearing closed. 11. Having been notified by the court, Maria reported for jury duty. 12. There are several reasons for the popularity of the legal profession, a large fee being one of them. 13. With so little time left, we cannot discuss the plan in detail.

Exercise 2. Переведите предложения, содержащие независимые причастные обороты.

1. The district courts being the primary link of the judiciary, most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts. 2. The House of Lords hears appeals of exceptional public importance from the Court of Appeal, their number being very limited. 3. A verdict having been reached, the judge discharges the jury from the case. 4. The Supreme Court of the USA consists of 9 justices, one justice being appointed as the Chief Justice. 5. Magistrates’ Courts being the lowest criminal courts, they are empowered to hear minor cases involving rather mild punishment. 6. Magistrates are not trained in law, the clerk of the court advising them on legal points. 7. The barrister is an expert in advocacy, with much of his time being spent in the courtroom. 8. According to the American Constitution there are three separate branches of government, each one having powers over the others. 9. The American Constitution specifies the powers and duties of each federal branch of government, with all other powers and duties belonging to the states. 10. The lower chamber having passed the bill, it went to the upper chamber. 11. The police records showed that the prisoner had served three terms of imprisonment for robbery, one of them being robbery with violence. 12. The entire world population suffers from ecological crime, the perpetrators being mostly enterprises that act in collusion with environmental regulators.

Exercise 3. Составьте одно предложение из данных двух, заменяя предложение, выделенное курсивом, на независимый причастный оборот. Переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.

Model:

The objection was not valid.

The judge overruled it.

The objection being not valid, the judge overruled it.

Так как возражение было неправомерным, судья отклонил его.

1. The article was interesting and important.

I used it in my report.

2. The student knew the subject well.

The examination did not last long.

3. Only the Prime Minister has access to the monarch.

Their discussion is entirely secret.

4. There are 64 circuits in England and Wales.

Each circuit is served by a Circuit Judge.

5. The situation was grave.

Urgent measures had to be taken.

6. The careers of judge and lawyer are not separate.

Judges are chosen from the most successful lawyers.

7. The first question of the agenda has been decided upon.

The conference passed the resolution.

Revision exercise 1

(Обзорное упражнение 1)

Переведите предложения, содержащие зависимые (определительные и обстоятельственные) и независимые причастные обороты.

1. When appearing in the county court, a solicitor must wear a gown. 2. We’ll inform you about the results of the investigation being conducted. 3. In the state system there are seldom life appointments for judges, fixed terms being more usual. 4. If found guilty by the magistrates’ court, a person may appeal to a higher court. 5. Having made no profit that year, he set fire to his own factory. 6. They found several boxes containing explosives. 7. The murdered woman was well known in the area. 8. Being followed he felt uneasy. 9. The political platform of the Republican and Democratic parties in the USA being alike, the Democrats and Republicans essentially conduct the similar policy. 10. Not having been notified of the change in meeting times, the barrister arrived late. 11. Arresting a person without a warrant, the police do it to protect the public. 12. The participants in the trial speak in open court, the press having the right to be present. 13. Having been beaten by the police for striking an officer, the man cried out in pain. 14. Four armed men robbed the bank last week and escaped with undetermined amount of cash. 15. There are about 100 Federal Courts in the USA, final authority resting in the US Supreme Court. 16. Being elected for a term of 4 years the President is to carry out the programme of the government.

2 ИНФИНИТИВ

(The Infinitive)

Инфинитив - неличная форма глагола, в которой сочетаются свойства глагола и существительного. Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, которая на русский язык не переводится, но показывает, что следующее за ней слово - инфинитив: to try привлекать/привлечь к судебной ответственности; to write писать/написать. Однако после вспомогательных глаголов shall, will, модальных глаголов can, could, may, might, must, should, would (кроме ought), а также после некоторых глаголов в обороте «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» (см. с.27) частица to не употребляется.

You must hand in your tests.

Вы должны сдать свои контрольные работы.

Отрицательная форма инфинитива образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится перед инфинитивом.

Not to warn him of this would be dishonest.

Не предупредить его об этом было бы нечестно.

Как и глагол, инфинитив имеет категорию залога, вида, относительного времени, может иметь после себя дополнение и определяться обстоятельством.

I’d like to settle the matter as soon as possible.

Мне бы хотелось разрешить этот вопрос как можно скорее.

2.1 ФОРМЫ И ФУНКЦИИ ИНФИНИТИВА

Формы инфинитива

Сравните способы перевода инфинитива в зависимости от его форм.

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